Table 1 - Major causes of tall stature and/or growth acceleration and their estimated frequency, presentation and clinical relevance

Adapted from Lauffer et al, 2019. aBased on International Classification of Pediatric Endocrine Diagnoses. bEstimated incidence (F=relatively frequent, >1/1000; R=rare, <1/1000; VR=very rare, <1/10,000; ER=extremely rare, <1/100,000. cThe symbol + indicates that virtually all children with this condition have a height>2 SDS; ± indicates that mean height SDS is in the upper half of the reference range.dthe symbol + indicates that almost all children have a height SDS above the TH range; ± indicates that children have a height within the TH range or slightly above; - indicates that height SDS is usually within the TH range. ethe symbol + indicates that height usually increased >1 SD in the previous time interval; ± indicates that growth acceleration is usually less than 1 SD; - indicates no change in height SDS over time. fSummary of reported clinical features. gEstimated clinical relevance regarding secondary prevention: + signifies relevant; – little relevant. hChildren with MEN2B syndrome are usually short; tall stature only seen in 2/24 patients [10]. iIn children with PTEN-related syndromes height is usually normal. Tall stature was observed in 20% of males and 0% of girls [11]. jMean (SD) height SDS 1.8 (1.5) in familial glucocorticoid def [13]. Abbreviations: Acc, accelerated growth; def, deficiency; Freq, frequency (estimated incidence); S, syndrome; TH, target height.